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The human population increase has led to a concurrent increase in the use of land for agriculture and infrastructure. 2 The main concentrations of mountain gazelle populations in Israel, with the national drainage divide and the 250 mm isohyet delineating the Mediterranean region. 2), where most people reside, the maximum distance between human settlements is 5 km (Sorek & Perevolotsky, Reference Sorek and Perevolotsky2016).įig. In the Mediterranean region, with an annual rainfall of 250–1,000 mm ( Fig. Since 1996 Israel's human population has increased at an average annual rate of 2%, the highest amongst OECD countries (Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2017). 1,300 human settlements (Sorek & Perevolotsky, Reference Sorek and Perevolotsky2016). 0.8 million in 1949 to 8.7 million in 2017 (Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2017). Its human population has increased from c. The State of Israel per se comprises a land area of c. For convenience we refer to this entire region as Israel (and refrain from making any political statement in so doing). Most surveys and monitoring of mountain gazelles included in this review were carried out throughout this area, albeit at different intensities. The spatial scope of this work includes the State of Israel, the Golan Heights and the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, an area of c. To ensure the species’ persistence, we recommend measures to alleviate the major threats.
#Savings planner gazelle drivers
We focus on current drivers of threats and review policy and management practices employed for the species’ conservation. Here we review the main human-driven changes in the Israeli mountain gazelle population during the past 100 years ( Fig. If present trends persist, the mountain gazelle's survival may be in jeopardy. The mountain gazelle Gazella gazella in the southern Levant exemplifies the plight of threatened ungulates globally, with increasingly altered landscapes and complex interactions with people (Game et al., Reference Game, Meijaard, Sheil and McDonald-Madden2014). There have been many attempts to alleviate this situation through conservation actions (Moehlman et al., Reference Moehlman, King, Kebede, Ransom and Kaczensky2016). Wild ungulate populations are declining as a result of habitat destruction and fragmentation, invasive species, hunting and poaching (Di Marco et al., Reference Di Marco, Boitani, Mallon, Hoffmann, Iacucci and Meijaard2014). As more regions, in Israel and elsewhere, are converted to human dominated landscapes, pressures on wildlife are increasing, and lessons from the mountain gazelle could prove valuable. The mountain gazelle exemplifies an ungulate with both great vulnerability to human pressures and a large breeding potential. In addition, we analyse connectivity in the landscape, highlighting highly fragmented gazelle populations, and suggest potential interventions. We also review the policy and management actions, both implemented and still required, to ensure the persistence of the mountain gazelle. We present an overview of how these factors acted in the past and are currently threatening the survival of this species. These threats may act in synergy to amplify their effects.
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This presents an array of threats to the mountain gazelle, including habitat change, fragmentation and isolation by roads, railways and fences, poaching, road kills and predation by increasing populations of natural predators and feral dogs, sustained partly by anthropogenic food waste. During the 20th century Israel's human population increased steadily at an annual rate of 2% the population density is currently 430 persons per km 2 and is forecast to increase further. We review the dynamics of the mountain gazelle throughout this period in Israel, its last remaining stronghold, with c. Over the past 100 years its population fluctuated greatly as a result of various anthropogenic threats and disturbances. The Endangered mountain gazelle Gazella gazella was once widespread throughout the Levant.